Sensor de temperatura – Guía completa para elegir y comprar, 2025

1、 Classification of temperature sensors

Los sensores de temperatura son la parte central de los instrumentos de medición de temperatura, with a wide variety of types that can be classified according to different standards.

1.1 Classification by measurement method

Contact temperature sensor: This type of sensor requires direct contact with the object being measured to obtain temperature information. Common contact temperature sensors include thermocouples and thermistors. Thermocouples use the thermoelectric potential difference between two different metals to measure temperature. Por ejemplo, in some industrial furnaces, thermocouples are directly inserted into the furnace to come into contact with high-temperature objects, and the temperature value is obtained through the thermoelectric potential difference; Thermistor is a sensor whose resistance changes with temperature, and its resistance has a specific functional relationship with temperature. It is commonly used in temperature monitoring and other fields of electronic devices.
Non contact temperature sensor: This type of sensor typically uses infrared radiation to measure the temperature of an object, without the need for direct contact with the object. Infrared temperature sensors are representative of this, which use the infrared radiation emitted by objects to measure their temperature. Por ejemplo, when measuring the surface temperature of a high-temperature furnace, there is no need to touch the furnace, and temperature readings can be obtained by receiving its infrared radiation. This method is suitable for measuring the surface temperature of moving objects, small targets, and objects with small heat capacity or rapid temperature changes (transitorios), and can also be used to measure the temperature distribution of temperature fields.

1.2 Classification by Sensor Material and Electronic Component Characteristics/

Par termoeléctrico: Basado en el principio del efecto termoeléctrico., it uses the thermoelectric potential difference between two different metals to measure temperature. Thermocouples made of different materials are suitable for different temperature ranges. Por ejemplo, K-type thermocouples can measure temperatures ranging from -200 ℃ a 1300 ℃, and are commonly used in industry for temperature measurement in high-temperature environments, such as temperature monitoring in steel smelting processes.
Detector de temperatura de resistencia (IDT): measures temperature based on the principle of resistance changing with temperature. En términos generales, RTDs are more linear than thermocouples, and their resistance increases with temperature. Common RTDs include platinum resistors (Pt100, Pt10, etc.), among which Pt100 has a resistance value of 100 ohms at 0 ℃ and has high accuracy. It is commonly used for precise temperature measurement in laboratories and industries.
IC temperature sensor (integrated temperature sensor): Integrating temperature sensing elements, circuitos de expansión, circuitos de compensación, etc.. en un pequeño chip, it has the advantages of good linearity, respuesta rápida, and standardized export. IC temperature sensors include two types: analog output and digital output. Por ejemplo, AD590 is a current output temperature sensor from Analog Devices Inc. in the United States, with a supply voltage range of 3-30V, an output current of 223 μ A (-50 ℃) -423 μ A (150 ℃), and a sensitivity of 1 μ A/℃.

1.3 Classification by Working Principle

Expansion thermometer: made based on the principle of thermal expansion and contraction of objects, commonly used to measure temperature changes over a large range. Por ejemplo, in common mercury thermometers, mercury expands when heated and rises in the capillary tube of the thermometer, indicating temperature based on the height of the mercury column.
Special type
Pressure and temperature sensor: a multifunctional sensor that can simultaneously measure temperature and pressure, used in some hydraulic systems, air conditioning and refrigeration systems that require simultaneous monitoring of temperature and pressure.
Sensor de temperatura de fibra óptica: uses the properties of the optical signal in the fiber optic to measure temperature. This includes fluorescent fiber temperature sensors, distributed fiber temperature sensors, fiber Bragg grating temperature sensors, etc.. Fiber optic temperature sensors have the advantages of high sensitivity, tamaño pequeño, peso ligero, easy bending, sin interferencias electromagnéticas, sin interferencias electromagnéticas, and good corrosion resistance. They are particularly suitable for temperature detection in harsh environments such as flammable, explosivo, narrow spaces, and highly corrosive gases, liquidos, and radiation pollution.
Logic output temperature sensor: Set a temperature range, and once the temperature exceeds the specified range, an alarm signal will be issued to turn on or off fans, acondicionadores de aire, calentadores, or other control devices. Por ejemplo, in some computer server rooms, if the temperature exceeds the set range, the logic output temperature sensor will trigger the air conditioning to turn on or off.

2、 Características de Sensor de temperatura de fibra óptica fluorescente

Fluorescent fiber optic temperature sensor is a sensor that uses fluorescent materials to undergo changes in fluorescence intensity or wavelength under temperature changes, and transmits signals through optical fibers to achieve temperature detection.

Alta precisión: Los materiales fluorescentes son particularmente sensibles a los cambios de temperatura., Hacer que los sensores de temperatura de fibra fluorescente tengan una alta precisión de medición. Because small changes in temperature can cause significant changes in fluorescence intensity or wavelength, accurate temperature values can be obtained by precisely measuring these changes. Por ejemplo, in the field of medical diagnosis, fluorescent fiber optic temperature sensors can provide more accurate measurement results than traditional thermometers for detecting subtle changes in human body temperature.
Respuesta rápida: capaz de responder rápidamente a los cambios de temperatura, monitor temperature changes in real time, y responder inmediatamente. This is very important in some situations where real-time temperature monitoring is required, such as in energy management systems, for temperature monitoring of power equipment. Once the equipment temperature rises abnormally, sensors can quickly provide feedback information to take timely measures.
Resistencia de alto voltaje: Fluorescent fiber optic temperature measurement products have high voltage resistance, with a voltage resistance greater than 100KV. This allows it to directly measure temperature in high voltage environments. Por ejemplo, in the temperature monitoring of equipment in ultra-high voltage substations, when facing high voltage environments exceeding 100KV, the end of the fluorescent fiber can make zero distance contact with the equipment for temperature measurement without being affected by high voltage, ensuring the normal operation of measurement work and providing important temperature data support for the safe operation of power equipment.
Fuerte capacidad antiinterferencia: Traditional temperature sensors can be affected by interference signals, while fluorescent fiber temperature sensors are not affected by interference signals and can work normally in complex electromagnetic environments. En entornos con fuertes interferencias electromagnéticas, such as near substations or large motor equipment, fluorescent fiber optic temperature sensors can stably measure temperature without measurement errors caused by electromagnetic interference like traditional electronic temperature sensors.
Estabilidad a largo plazo: Los materiales fluorescentes tienen una gran durabilidad y estabilidad., y los sensores pueden mantener una alta estabilidad de rendimiento durante el uso a largo plazo. This means that in long-term temperature monitoring tasks, such as long-term temperature monitoring of large infrastructure such as bridges and dams, there is no need to frequently replace sensors or calibrate them.
Wide range of applicable environmental temperatures: Adecuado para una amplia gama de temperaturas ambientales., de bajo a menos Baidu a alto a varios cientos de grados. Whether it is temperature monitoring of scientific research equipment in the extremely cold Arctic region or temperature measurement near high-temperature industrial furnaces, fluorescent fiber optic temperature sensors can work normally.
Flexibilidad y escalabilidad: Sensor fluorescent materials can be selected and designed according to actual needs to meet various specific application areas. Different fluorescent materials have different temperature fluorescence characteristics, and the most suitable fluorescent material can be selected to construct sensors according to specific application scenarios, such as biomedical research, monitoreo de procesos industriales, etc.. The number or range of monitoring points can be expanded as needed.

3、 El principio de sensor de temperatura distribuido de fibra óptica

Fibra óptica distribuida temperature sensor is a sensor that uses unique distributed fiber optic detection technology to measure or monitor the spatial distribution and temporal information along the fiber optic transmission path.

Principles based on scattering effects
dispersión de Rayleigh: When light is transmitted in an optical fiber, Rayleigh scattering occurs due to the microscopic non-uniformity inside the fiber, such as small changes in density, composición, etc.. The intensity of Rayleigh scattering light is related to temperature, and temperature changes can cause changes in the microstructure of optical fiber materials, resulting in changes in the intensity of Rayleigh scattering light. Sin embargo, temperature measurement based solely on Rayleigh scattering has relatively low sensitivity, and in practical applications, it is often necessary to combine other scattering effects to improve measurement accuracy.
dispersión raman: This is a commonly used scattering effect in distributed fiber optic temperature sensors. Raman scattering light is divided into Stokes light and anti Stokes light, and their intensity ratio has a specific functional relationship with temperature. The laser transmitted in the fiber will interact with the molecules in the fiber to produce Raman scattering, and temperature changes will affect the vibrational energy levels of the molecules, thereby changing the intensity ratio of Stokes light and anti Stokes light. By measuring this intensity ratio, the temperature value can be calculated. Por ejemplo, in some long-distance oil pipeline temperature monitoring, distributed fiber optic temperature sensors based on Raman scattering can be used to lay optical fibers along the pipeline and monitor the temperature at different positions of the pipeline in real time, preventing safety hazards caused by high or low oil temperature.
dispersión de brillo: The frequency of Brillouin scattering light changes with temperature and strain. In distributed fiber optic temperature sensors, temperature information is obtained by measuring the frequency drift of Brillouin scattering light. La dispersión de Brillouin es sensible tanto a la temperatura como a la tensión., and in practical applications, special techniques are needed to distinguish the effects of temperature and strain, such as using special fiber structures or measurement methods.
Application of Optical Time Domain Reflectometry (OTDR) Tecnología
Principio de medición: OTDR technology is an essential equipment for fault location and diagnosis in fiber optic communication, and also plays an important role in distributed fiber optic temperature sensors. It injects a light pulse into the fiber and detects the intensity of backscattered light in the fiber over time (distancia). Due to temperature changes affecting the scattering characteristics in optical fibers, the intensity of backscattered light changes. By analyzing the distribution of backscattered light intensity, temperature distribution information along the length direction of the optical fiber can be obtained.
Resolución espacial: The spatial resolution of OTDR systems is generally on the order of meters. This means that it can distinguish temperature changes at a certain distance (in meters) on the fiber optic cable. Por ejemplo, en el seguimiento de la salud estructural de grandes puentes, by combining distributed fiber optic temperature sensors with OTDR technology, temperature changes in different parts of the bridge (every few meters) puede ser monitoreado, thereby determining whether there are abnormal thermal stresses in the bridge structure.
The relationship between measurement accuracy and spatial resolution: There is generally a mutual constraint between the measurement accuracy and spatial resolution of a system. Generalmente, to improve spatial resolution, a certain level of measurement accuracy may be sacrificed, and vice versa. This is because when improving spatial resolution, it is necessary to analyze the backscattered light signal more finely, which may be affected by factors such as noise, thereby reducing measurement accuracy.

4、 Aplicación de Sensor de temperatura de rejilla de Bragg de fibra
Fiber Bragg grating temperature sensors have a wide range of applications in multiple fields.

Oil and gas exploration field
In the process of oil and gas extraction, the underground environment is complex, with harsh conditions such as high temperature, presión alta, and strong corrosion. Fiber Bragg grating temperature sensors can be installed on underground equipment or pipelines to monitor temperature changes in real time. Por ejemplo, in the production string of an oil well, sensors can timely detect temperature increases caused by changes in formation temperature or frictional heating during the production process, providing a guarantee for safe production. Mientras tanto, by monitoring the temperature distribution, the mining process can be optimized and the mining efficiency can be improved.
Aerospace field
In the aerospace industry, there are extremely high requirements for the reliability and safety of equipment. The characteristics of fiber Bragg grating temperature sensors, such as small size, peso ligero, tiempo de respuesta rápido, strong resistance to electromagnetic interference and corrosion, make them very suitable for temperature monitoring in aircraft engines, aviation electronic equipment, etc.. Installing fiber optic grating temperature sensors around high-temperature components such as combustion chambers and turbines in aircraft engines can monitor temperature in real-time and ensure that the engine operates within a safe temperature range. Además, in the thermal protection system of spacecraft, sensors can monitor temperature changes, providing data support for the performance evaluation and optimization of thermal protection materials.
Medical diagnosis field
Accurate temperature control is crucial in medical devices such as magnetic resonance imaging (resonancia magnética) equipo, laser therapy equipment, etc.. Fiber Bragg grating temperature sensors can monitor the temperature of critical parts of equipment, preventing damage to patients and the equipment itself caused by overheating. Al mismo tiempo, in some minimally invasive medical surgeries, fiber optic grating temperature sensors can enter the human body through tiny fiber optic probes to monitor the temperature of tissues around the surgical site, providing guarantees for the safety and effectiveness of the surgery.
Industrial process control field
In various industrial production processes, such as chemical, metalúrgico, y las industrias energéticas, temperature is a key control parameter. Fiber Bragg grating temperature sensors can be used to monitor the temperature of equipment such as reaction vessels, hornos, y motores. Por ejemplo, in the chemical reaction kettle of chemical production, sensors can monitor the reaction temperature in real time to ensure that the reaction proceeds under optimal temperature conditions, improving product quality and production efficiency. en el sistema de energía, temperature monitoring of high-voltage equipment, cables, etc.. in substations can timely detect potential fault hazards and avoid power accidents.

5、 Comparison of Three Types of Fiber Optic Temperature Sensors

In terms of measurement principles
Sensor de temperatura de fibra óptica fluorescente: measures temperature based on the change in fluorescence intensity or wavelength of fluorescent materials under temperature changes. Cuando los materiales fluorescentes se ven afectados por los cambios de temperatura, sus características de fluorescencia también cambiarán. A typical fluorescent fiber optic temperature sensor includes a light source, fibra óptica, material fluorescente, and a spectral analyzer. La fuente de luz genera luz de excitación de una determinada longitud de onda., que se transmite al material fluorescente a través de una fibra óptica. The fluorescent material absorbs the excitation light and emits a fluorescence signal with a specific wavelength, que luego se transmite de regreso al espectrómetro para su detección a través de la fibra óptica.. El valor de la temperatura se puede determinar midiendo la intensidad o longitud de onda de la señal de fluorescencia..
Sensor de temperatura distribuido de fibra óptica: mainly based on scattering effects in optical fibers (como la dispersión de Rayleigh, dispersión raman, dispersión de brillo) and optical time domain reflectometry (OTDR) technology to achieve temperature measurement. By injecting light pulses into the optical fiber, the intensity, frecuencia, and other characteristics of backscattered light can be detected as a function of time (distancia). Since temperature affects these scattering characteristics, temperature distribution information along the length direction of the optical fiber can be obtained.
Sensor de temperatura de rejilla de Bragg de fibra: Utilizing the photosensitivity of fiber optic materials to form a spatial phase grating in the fiber core for temperature measurement. Rejilla de Bragg de fibra (FBG) is a type of fiber with a periodically changing refractive index. Cuando la temperatura cambia, the Bragg wavelength of the grating shifts, enabling temperature measurement.
In terms of performance characteristics
precisión de la medición
Sensor de temperatura de fibra óptica fluorescente: It has high measurement accuracy because fluorescent materials are very sensitive to temperature changes and can accurately reflect small temperature changes.
Sensor de temperatura distribuido de fibra óptica: Its measurement accuracy is affected by various factors, such as the complexity of scattering effects and the resolution of OTDR technology. En aplicaciones prácticas, the accuracy of distributed fiber optic temperature sensors based on Raman scattering is generally around 1-2 ℃, but with the development of technology, the accuracy is also constantly improving.
Sensor de temperatura de rejilla de Bragg de fibra: Alta precisión, Por ejemplo, some fiber Bragg grating temperature sensors that use special packaging and measurement techniques can achieve an accuracy of 0.02 ℃.
velocidad de respuesta
Sensor de temperatura de fibra óptica fluorescente: With fast response speed, it can monitor temperature changes in real time and respond immediately, making it advantageous in situations where rapid temperature response is required.
Sensor de temperatura distribuido de fibra óptica: The response speed depends on the emission frequency of the light pulse and the signal processing speed. En términos generales, it can meet the temperature monitoring needs in most practical applications, but may be slightly slower compared to fluorescent fiber optic temperature sensors.
Sensor de temperatura de rejilla de Bragg de fibra: With fast response time, it can quickly sense temperature changes and output corresponding wavelength offset signals.
resolución espacial
Sensor de temperatura distribuido de fibra óptica: It has unique distributed measurement capabilities and can measure temperature distribution along the length of the fiber optic cable. The spatial resolution is generally on the order of meters (when using OTDR technology), and some systems that use advanced technologies (such as OFDR) can achieve millimeter level spatial resolution.
Sensor de temperatura de fibra óptica fluorescente: Although it can achieve distributed measurement, it mainly focuses on temperature measurement at multiple discrete points, and its spatial resolution is not as good as that of distributed fiber optic temperature sensors, which can continuously measure temperature distribution along the fiber optic.
Sensor de temperatura de rejilla de Bragg de fibra: It usually measures the temperature at a specific location and does not have the continuous spatial resolution characteristics of distributed fiber optic temperature sensors.
Capacidad antiinterferencia
Sensor de temperatura de fibra óptica fluorescente: No se ve afectado por señales de interferencia y puede funcionar normalmente en entornos electromagnéticos complejos.. This is because its measurement principle based on optical signals has a natural immunity to electromagnetic interference.
Sensor de temperatura distribuido de fibra óptica: It also has good anti-interference ability because fiber optic itself is an insulator, and measurement is based on the optical signal in the fiber optic, which is not easily affected by external electromagnetic interference.
Sensor de temperatura de rejilla de Bragg de fibra: It has strong resistance to electromagnetic interference, and due to its optical properties based on grating structure for temperature measurement, it also has good resistance to interference such as chemical corrosion and vibration in the environment.
Applicable temperature range
Sensor de temperatura de fibra óptica fluorescente: suitable for a wide range of environmental temperatures, desde menos Baidu hasta varios cientos de grados Celsius, and can adapt to temperature measurement needs in various extreme temperature environments.
Sensores de temperatura distribuidos de fibra óptica: Different types of distributed fiber optic temperature sensors have different temperature ranges, but they can generally cover a wide temperature range, such as common industrial and environmental temperature ranges from -50 ℃ a 150 ℃.
Sensor de temperatura de rejilla de Bragg de fibra: It can work normally in both high and low temperature environments, Por ejemplo, it can be used for temperature measurement range of -200 ℃ -800 ℃, depending on factors such as the material and packaging of the fiber Bragg grating.
In terms of application areas
Sensor de temperatura de fibra óptica fluorescente: widely used for real-time temperature monitoring and control in fields such as medical diagnosis and energy management. En el campo médico, it can be used for precise measurement of human body temperature and monitoring of organ temperature inside the body; In terms of energy management, temperature monitoring of power equipment, thermal pipelines, etc.. can be carried out.
Sensores de temperatura distribuidos de fibra óptica: widely used in stress, cepa, and temperature monitoring of large structures (such as pipelines, offshore oil platforms, pozos petroleros, represas, terraplenes, puentes, edificios, túneles, cables, etc.), detección de fugas (liquid or natural gas pipelines, procesos industriales, represas, tanques, etc.), transporte (ice detection on road surfaces, railway monitoring, etc.), safety systems (fire or overheating temperature detection, monitoreo de cables de alimentación, signal eavesdropping monitoring, garbage disposal station monitoring, landslide monitoring, etc.), comunicación de fibra óptica (fiber optic cable production online control, fiber optic cable maintenance, work cable strain monitoring, fiber optic impurity measurement, etc.), environmental measurement (térmico, ventilación, and air conditions, long-term temperature measurement of external oceans, forests, and outdoor places), etc.. The application.
Sensor de temperatura de rejilla de Bragg de fibra: It has been widely used in various environmental monitoring fields such as oil and gas exploration, aeroespacial, medical diagnosis, y control de procesos industriales. Used for temperature monitoring of downhole equipment and pipelines in the oil and gas industry; Temperature monitoring for aircraft engines, aviation electronic equipment, etc.. in the aerospace field; Used in the medical field for temperature control of medical equipment and temperature monitoring of surgical sites; Used in the industrial field for temperature monitoring of various equipment and production processes.

Sensor de temperatura de fibra óptica, Sistema de monitoreo inteligente, Fabricante distribuido de fibra óptica en China